在備考FRM考試中，對于考生來說FRM公式是非常重要的，考生不僅要掌握住還需要會熟練運用！下面是小編列舉的，希望對你有所幫助！

Risk Factors for Financial Disasters：

Interest rate risk', results from fluctuations in interest rate levels (measured using duration). Case study:the savings and loan (S&L) crisis in the 1980s. Liquidity risk', potential for loss that results from short-term funding issues. Case studies: Lehman Brothers, Continental Illinois, and Northern Rock. Hedging strategies', a firm must choose between a static hedge and a dynamic (rolling) hedge. Case study on dynamic hedge challenges: Metallgesellschaft Refining and Marketing (MGRM).

Model risk', can include making improper：

assumptions, measuring relationships the wrong way, and deploying the wrong model overall. Case studies: the Niederhoffer case and Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM). 【資料下載】點擊下載融躍教育FRM考試公式表

Rogue trader, misleading reporting can cause the collapse of an entire organization. Case study:

Barings Bank (Nick Leeson). Financial engineering, involves the use of forwards, futures, swaps, options, and securitized products to hedge risk. Case studies on understanding the risks of these hedging tools: Bankers Trust, Orange County, and Sachsen Landesbank.

Reputational risk', the way in which the general public perceives the firm. Case study: Volkswagen.

Corporate governance', system of policies and procedures that direct how a firm is operated. Case study: Enron. Cyber risk: risk of financial or reputational loss due to cyberattack on internal technology infrastructure. Case study: the SWIFT system.

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